语言与文化
Chapter 1. Language, Culture and Thought.
(Language, culture and thought interact, each influencing and shaping the others.)
Properties of Language(systematic+arbitrary+symbolic+vocal+ uniquely human +for communication+ understand and describe the world+ carrier and container of cultural information)
Definitions and properties of culture
1.1 Definitions of culture(can be defined as attributes of man or lifeway of a population)
1.1.1 Culture in its broad sense(it is the attributes of man. 1.marterials man has got to satisfy his needs; 2. social institutions and organizations man has established; 3. knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development; language and other communication systes; 5. customs, habits and behavioural patterns; 6. value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns. Culture in its broad sense is also called “large C culture” or “academic culture”)
1.1.2 Culture in its narrow sense( is called “small c culture” or “”anthropological culture, includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society)
1.2 Properties of culture(culture is human specific; culture is a social phenomenon; culture is a national phenomenon; culture is also a historical phenomenon. Culture is general and abstract. )
1.3 odels for the analysis of culture(key question; ; the thematic model; ; seven facets (一系列活动；活动的适当性；活动的详细主题，1.4 实行者；活动实行的外部手段；指1.5 导主体与客体，1.6 活动的目的；活动的结果。))
Relationship between language, culture and thought.
1.7 Relationship between language and thought (language is part of culture(knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits.), language is the carrier and container of the culture.; as a mirror of culture language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture. Such as Eskimo’s snow world and camel to the Arab; language also exerts its influence on culture; language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other. A language can never be learned in a cultural vacuum and culture is learned through language)
1.8 Thought(thought is the function and product of the human brain; thought also refers to patterns of ideas characteristic of a social group.)
1.9 Relationship between language and thought(language is an instrument used in the communication of thought.; language is closely related to thinking; language represents thought, it is influenced and shaped by thought; language is used for conveying ideas, so its structure and function must reflect these ideas; language also exerts strong influence on thought.)
1.10 Concluding remarks on the relationship between language, thought and culture.
(1) relationship between language and culture
language is part of culture
language is the carrier and container of culture, as a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture.
Language also exerts its influence on culture, language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other.
(2) relationship between language and thought
language is on instrument used in the communication of thought.
Language is closely related to thinking
Since language represents thought, it is influenced and shaped by thought.
Language is used for conveying ideas, so its structure and function must reflect there ideas, language also exerts strong influence on thought.
intercultural communication(it is a branch of communication, it draws theories, concepts, and methods, cultural anthropology, journalism, philosophy, history, ethnography, and international relations. It is concerned with communication among the people from different cultural background.)
Exercise
Chapter 2. Words and Meaning
1. What are words and meaning?
1.1 Word(it is intuitively recognizable are basic units of meaning. )
1.2 Meaning (words represent meaning. It is included conceptual meaning and associative meaning.)
1.2.1 Conceptual Meaning(概念)(is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units.)
Associative meaning included the contents as follow:
1.2.2 Connotative meaning(内涵意义): (is the communicative value an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. Such as “women”)
1.2.3 Social meaning(社会意义): it is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Such as “residence” and “domicile”)
1.2.4 Affective meaning(情感意义): is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language
1.2.5 Reflected meaning(影射含义): it is arises in words of multiple conceptual meaning. When one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Such as “the Comforter” and “the Holy Ghost” are all refer to the God.
1.2.6 Collocative meaning(配置意义): it is consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.
1.2.7 Thematic meaning(专题意义): it is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis. Such as active sentences and passive meaning.
2. Words and conceptual meaning
2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning
2.1.1 Words and geography
The United States of America 美利坚合众国
The Mississippi 蜜西西河
Superior 苏必利尔湖
Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布
Rocky Mountains 落矶水脉
Washington 华盛顿
Poke 美洲商陆(植物名)
Terrapin 北美泥龟
The United Kingdom of Great 大不列颠及北爱尔兰
Britain and Northern Ireland 联合王国
The Thames 泰晤士河
The Channel 英吉利海峡
England 英格兰
London 伦敦
The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦
New South Wales 新南威尔士
Great Barrier Reef 大保礁
Great Victoria Desert 大维多利亚沙漠
Canberra 勘培拉
Koala 考拉熊
Kangaroo 袋鼠
2.1.2 Words and history
The May Flower(五月花)
The Revolutionary War or War of Independence(独立战争)
Continental Congress(大陆会议)
Emancipation Proclamation(解放宣言)
Homestead Act(宅地法案)
Scalp(剥带发头皮)
Lynch(私刑)
Cowboy(牛仔)
Hippie(嬉皮士)
Duke(公爵)
Knight(骑士)
Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)
Castle(城堡)
Fort(要塞或堡垒式的贸易站)
2.1.3 Words and Politics
United States
President(总统)
Congress(国会)
Supreme Court(高级法院)
Democratic Party(美国民主党)
Republican Party(美国共和党)
Britain
Queen(女王)
Prime Minister(首相)
Parliament(议会)
Labour Party(工党)
Conservative Party(保守党)
Governor-General(总督)
2.1.4 Words and Christianity
Trinity(三位一体)
Bible(圣经)
Catholic(天主教)
Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)
Reformation(宗教改革)
Protestant(新教徒)
Puritan(清教徒)
Mass(弥撒)
2.1.5 Words and Holidays
Christmas box(圣诞节礼)
Christmas Card(圣诞贺卡)
Christmas tree(圣诞树)
Christmas pudding(圣诞布丁)
Christmas rose(圣诞玫瑰)
Christmastide(圣诞节节期)
Thanksgiving Day(感恩节)
Boxing Day(节礼日)
Easter(复活节)
St. Valentine’s Day(情人节)
April Fool’s Day(愚人节)
Anzac Day(新澳军团日)
2.1.6 Words and living styles
Hot dog(热狗)
Hamburger(汉堡包)
Sandwich(三明治)
Pudding(布丁)
Salad(沙拉)
Whisky(威士忌)
Cocktail(鸡尾酒)
Drive-ins 汽车的
Diners (用餐)
Baseball (垒球)
Rugby(橄榄球)
Hockey(曲棍球)
Water skiing(滑水)
Polo(马球)
Golf(高尔夫球)
Striptease(脱衣舞)
Love store(色情商店)
X-rated sexploitation movies()
Late-late TV shows
2.2 English words that correspond partially in conceptual meaning with their translation equivalents in Chinese.
Intellectuals (知识分子)
Social sciences (社会科学)
A Yard(院子) Quadrangle Courtyards (四合院)
Drugstore(AE) Chemist’s shop (BE)(药店)
Grandfather
Grandmother
Father
Father-in-law
Mother-in-law
Brother
Sister
Son
Daughter
Grandson
Granddaughter
Uncle
Aunt
Nephew
Niece
Cousin
Chauvinist pig: 大男子主义
Dude, athlete, macho, stud, hunk, Don Juan, playboy, egotist fatty bagger: 装酷,受女性欢迎的, 自我中心主义者.
Turkey, nerd, jerk, prick, bastard, pimp, skinhead, redneck dog: 令人讨厌的,古怪的
Wimp, sissy, homosexual, queer, gay, hippie: 奇怪的, 同性恋者.
Couchwarmer:
Ladies’ man
Man, boy, guy, fellow, gentleman, boyfriend, fiancé, lover, sweet heart: 指男性的
2.3 English words and what may be mistaken for their equivalents in Chinese.
Greenhouse(温室)
Busywork(耗时而无价值的工作)
Busman’s holiday(消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日)
Busybody(爱管闲事的人)
Housewarming(乔迁之喜)
Donkeywork(单调的日常工作)
Police action(维和行动)
Lowboy(矮脚抽屉柜)
Free love(公开同居)
First Lady(第一夫人)
High school(中学)
Rest room(公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所)
Equalitarianism or egalitarianism(平均主义)
Lover(情人)
Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的)
Cooker(炊事用具)
Wester(西风)
2.4 Words, conceptual meaning and word formation
General terms Terms of male Terms of female Terms for young
鸡chicken 公鸡 cock 母鸡hen 小鸡chick
鸭duck 公鸭drake 母鸭duck 小鸭duckling
鹅goose 公鹅gander 母鹅goose 小鹅gosling
马horse 公马stallion 母马mare 小马foal
牛cattle, cow 公牛bull 母牛cow 小牛calf
羊sheep 公羊ram 母羊ewe 小羊lamb
猪pig 公猪boar 母猪sow 小猪shoat
狗dog 公狗dog 母狗bitch 小狗puppy
猫cat 公猫tomcat 母猫cat 小猫kitten
鹿deer 公鹿stag 母鹿doe 小鹿fawn